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咨询师如何帮助PTSD来访者面对创伤?

来源:壹点灵2022-05-24 10:002923人浏览

摘要:精神创伤性事件是很常见的,大多数人到16岁时至少会经历过一次创伤性事件,心理创伤,包括一次性事件、多次事件和长期重复事件,对每个人的影响都不一样

  经历过一次创伤事件,比如车祸、地震、或爆炸,这本身就是一件非常糟糕的事情。

  但想象一下,如果这些不幸会反反复复,每天都如同噩梦般纠缠着你,这更会让你更加痛苦不堪。

  一些经历过不幸事件的人就会出现这种状况,患上创伤后应激障碍(Post-traumatic stress disorder),也简称PTSD。

  这种情况下,来访者需要大量的支持和治疗。

  本文中,您将了解更多关于创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、精神创伤(trauma)以及可用的治疗和资源。

  01. 创伤后应激障碍与精神创伤:心理学背景知识

  创伤后应激障碍在第一次世界大战中被称为“炮弹休克”,首次出现在《柳叶刀》杂志上。

  根据其记录表明,士兵们会表示各种症状影响到了ta们的神经系统(Myers, 1915)。

  第二次世界大战中,创伤后应激障碍被称为“战斗疲劳”。当时普遍认为由于士兵长期处于战场,导致了该疾病的发生(Marlowe, 2001)。

  (1)精神创伤的类型

  从心理学角度来说,车祸、抢劫、绑架、酷刑、野蛮攻击、强奸、目睹死亡或严重伤害、战争和自然灾害都可以归类为创伤事件(Kessler,2014)。

  精神创伤性事件是很常见的,大多数人到16岁时至少会经历过一次创伤性事件(Copeland, Keeler, Angold, & Costello, 2007)。

  心理创伤,包括一次性事件、多次事件和长期重复事件,对每个人的影响都不一样(Bonanno, 2004)。

  (2)PTSD和精神创伤之间的关系

  创伤后应激障碍和精神创伤密切相关,并且创伤后应激障碍来访者并不存在年龄、性别、种族或文化的区别。

  PTSD伴随着一系列复杂的症状,包括身体、认知、情感和行为上的变化,是心理创伤造成的影响(van der Kolk, McFarlane, & Weisaeth, 1996)。

  (3)创伤后应激障碍的病因

  目前已知的个人和社会风险因素,与创伤后应激障碍相关的有:

  性别、受到精神创伤时的年龄、较低的教育水平、较低的社会经济地位、既存精神创伤、不利的童年经历、婚姻状况、较差的社会支持以及最初对创伤反应的严重程度(Kroll, 2003;Stein, Walker, & Hazen, 1997;Sareen, 2014)。

  遗传研究也表明创伤后应激障碍的发展与特定基因(Zhao et al., 2017),和受体蛋白有关(Miller, Wolf, Logue, & Baldwin, 2013)。

  (4) PTSD的症状

  创伤后应激障碍的来访者会出现以下症状:

  1,在思维、记忆或噩梦中反复、不自主地涌现与创伤有关的情境或内容

  2,回避与创伤经历有关的事件或情境

  3,过度警觉,以及睡眠障碍

  这些要符合症状持续一个月以上,并对个人的日常生活造成严重的困扰或问题

  这些都会导致非常严重的社会、职业和人际功能障碍(Bryant, Friedman, Spiegel, Ursano, & Strain, 2011)。

  02. 4种创伤后应激障碍治疗方案和路径

  PTSD目前的几种可行治疗方案,取决于其治疗方法和疗效。

  (1)认知行为疗法

  认知行为疗法(CBT)是创伤后应激障碍最受欢迎的治疗选择之一,广泛的证据基础已显示其有效性,并且个人或团体治疗都适用(Warman, Grant, Sullivan, Caroff, & Beck, 2005)。

  认知行为疗法重点关注在精神创伤,解决与精神创伤相关的记忆、想法和感受。

  治疗过程中,医师会要求来访者们回忆和思考其精神创伤,并鼓励其面对这一经历。这有助于识别无益的思维模式和错误思想,并以现实的想法取代它们(Malkinson,2010)。

  该疗法通过可控的方式帮助来访者回顾创伤性时间,减少逃避和回避行为,增加应对能力(Hawley, Rector, & Laposa, 2016)。

  (2)眼动脱敏和再加工(EMDR)

  1987年咨询师发现眼动脱敏和再加工疗法(EMDR)可以用于治疗创伤后应激障碍(Shapiro,2007),并在儿童和成人临床治疗中出现效果(Chen etc,2018)。

  导致PTSD症状的记忆信息,包含事件发生时的情绪、想法、信念和身体感觉(Shapiro,1995)。

  EMDR疗法的观点认为,由于过去令人不安的经历相关记忆没有得到充分处理,导致当事人不断痛苦,由此引发创伤后应激障碍(Shapiro, 1995)。

  EMDR疗法关注记忆及其存储方式,减少和消除病症(Shapiro, 2014)。

  该疗法结合使用眼球运动和其他形式的有节奏的左右(双边)刺激,如用音调或敲击(Shapiro,2007)。

  当来访者专注于创伤记忆并同时体验双边刺激时,记忆的生动性和记忆引发的情绪会降低(Shapiro, 1995)。

  (3)叙述情境疗法(NET)

  叙述情境疗法(NET)是另一种治疗创伤后应激障碍的方法,但由于政治、文化或社会的影响,该疗法可能更加复杂(Elbert & Schauer, 2002; Schauer, Neuner, & Elbert, 2011)。

  目前,在治疗创伤后应激障碍的推荐疗法之中,该疗法只适用于治疗成人和团体(Schauere, etc,2011)。

  一个人的叙述会影响他们如何感知自己的经历。围绕创伤经历构建生活,会导致来访者不断感动痛苦,持续受到这一经历的伤害(Elbert & Schauer, 2002;Schauer et al., 2011)。

  治疗中,咨询师会帮助来访者重新回顾创伤事件,并重新组合时间线上的记忆,来访者在治疗结束时会收到其书面叙述。(Schnyder et al., 2015)。

  (4)延迟暴露疗法(Prolonged Exposure Therapy)

  宾夕法尼亚大学的Edna Foa教授开发了这一疗法,帮助个人处理他们与创伤相关的记忆、感觉和情境(Watkins, Sprang, & Rothbaum, 2018)。

  来访者通过疗法会了解到创伤相关的记忆和线索并不危险,也不应该避免(Foa & Rothbaum, 1998)。

  面对一直逃避的事情,来访者可以减少创伤后应激障碍的症状。根据治疗节奏,治疗师会使用相应的成像和体内暴露(Eftekhari, Stines, & Zoellner, 2006)。

  03. 如何帮助创伤后应激障碍和精神创伤的来访者

  以下是对于创伤后应激障碍和精神创伤的来访者的帮助指南:

  (1)确保来访者不受责备

  经历过精神创伤的来访者还可能会创伤后应激障碍,TA们经常会认为自己应该受到责备(Bub & Lommen, 2017)。

  这通常会导致巨大的内疚感,特别是幸存者内疚感和自责(Murray, Pethania, & Medin, 2021)。

  治疗过程中一定要向当事人明确说明,ta们不应该受到责备,这一点非常重要。

  (2)不要因为害怕再次造成精神创伤而避免谈论问题

  创伤后应激障碍是一种产生回避并将之维持的障碍(Lancaster, Teeters, Gros, & Back, 2016)。

  可能你会担心谈论ta们过去的创伤,会让ta们感到不安,从而带来痛苦,让ta们再次受到创伤。

  安抚来访者和其情绪波动是可以理解的,但是将ta们曝光在记忆中和回顾过去的创伤是一种可控和安全的方式来帮助ta们消除创伤。

  (3)使用创造性疗法来解决创伤问题

  创造性治疗(Creative Therapy)可以与其他疗法一起使用,或者作为其它疗法的前奏(Schouten, de Niet, Knipscheer, Kleber, & Hutschemaekers, 2014)。

  可以用艺术的方式来解决精神创伤,帮助来访者处理痛苦与创伤性的经历。

  有的时候让来访者用言语去叙述,不如让ta通过写作或者画画的方式来沟通,这样可以很大程度上减轻ta的痛苦。

  (4)衡量症状缓和

  简单的评估工具记录来访者的症状进展是非常重要的。

  事件影响量表-修订版(The Impact of Event Scale-Revised )(Weiss,2007)可用于创伤后应激障碍症状。

  它为过度焦虑、回避和不自主回顾创伤提供了不同的分值。

  在开始、中间阶段、和疗程结束时跟踪症状的严重程度,以监测分数并改善干预措施。

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  YDL编译:Livvy,KGG


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